Abstract

The most exciting development in nanomedicine is the injectable nanorobots that combine nanotechnology, robotics, biotechnology, materials science, and artificial intelligence for extremely accurate illness detection and treatment. In contrast to conventional drug delivery systems that disperse medication throughout the body, injectable nanorobots are engineered to navigate bodily fluids, detect disease-specific biomarkers, and release therapeutic agents selectively at the target site. These systems have demonstrated significant potential in areas such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological conditions, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, and precision diagnostics. Recent advancements in enzyme-powered, magnetic, ultrasound-driven, and biohybrid nanorobots have expedited the transfer of these technologies from lab research to preclinical and early translational investigations. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, large-scale production, real-time navigation, regulatory approval, and long-term biosafety are some of the issues that still need to be resolved despite the tremendous advancements. The present understanding of injectable nanorobots, including their historical evolution, classification, structural elements, fabrication techniques, propulsion mechanisms, targeting tactics, biological applications, safety issues, and potential future clinical uses, is compiled in this review. A thorough overview of this quickly developing topic discusses recent developments and new trends.