Abstract

*Dr. Dhrubo Jyoti Sen, Subhajit Samanta

ABSTRACT

Rajgriha (modern-day Rajgir) is an ancient city in Bihar, India, that served as the first capital of the powerful kingdom of Magadha. Historical Significance: Ancient Capital: It was the early capital of the Magadha Empire during the reigns of rulers like King Bimbisara and King Ajatashatru of the Haryanka dynasty. Alternative Names: Also known as Girivraja (meaning "enclosure of hills"), the city is protected by five scenic hills: Ratnagiri, Vipulachal, Vaibhavagiri, Songiri, and Udaygiri. Rajgir is traditionally surrounded by five main hills, though ancient texts and scriptures also mention a valley ringed by seven hills. The Five Main Hills: According to general geography and tourism references, the town is nestled among these five prominent peaks: Ratnagiri, Vipulachal (or Vipula), Vaibhavagiri (or Vaibharagiri), Songiri (or Sona), Udaygiri (or Udaya). The old fortified city which lies in the valley surrounded by seven hills (Chhatha, Ratna, Saila, Sona, Udaya, Vaibhara and Vipula). Ratnagiri Hill is the highest among the main historic hills surrounding Rajgir, reaching an altitude of about 305 to 388 meters depending on the specific ridge measurement. Elevation: Rises to about 305 meters (with the broader Rajgir range peaking aroun 388 meters). Major Landmark: Home to the famous Vishwa Shanti Stupa (World Peace Pagoda) at its summit. Religious Significance: Sacred to Buddhists and Jains, located close to the historic Griddhakuta (Vulture's Peak). Access: Can be reached via a popular ropeway/cable car system.