Abstract

Rishiman, *Mahabeer Singh

ABSTRACT

Inflammation is a complex biological response linked to infection, tissue injury, and various chronic diseases. Natural products have attracted significant interest as potential anti-inflammatory agents due to their effectiveness and fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. This review examines the relationship between anti-inflammatory compounds found in pine trees (Pinus species) and Boswellia serrata. Pine trees contain multiple bioactive compounds—including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and proanthocyanidins—that show strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by regulating inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress pathways. Similarly, Boswellia serrata is rich in boswellic acids, especially 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), which inhibits key inflammatory enzymes such as 5-lipoxygenase and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparative analysis reveals that both pine-derived compounds and boswellic acids exert their anti-inflammatory actions through several molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of inflammatory mediators, reduction of oxidative stress, and modulation of immune responses. These natural agents demonstrate promising therapeutic potential in managing inflammatory conditions like arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and other chronic inflammatory disorders. This review highlights the pharmacological importance of pine tree constituents and Boswellia serrata, underscoring their potential as complementary or alternative anti-inflammatory therapies and encouraging further clinical studies to validate their safety and efficacy.