Abstract

Tapan Kumar Mahato* and Komal Sharma

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcers manifest in two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers, both of which are marked by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, or bleeding. This bacterium produces a significant amount of urease enzyme, which breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, neutralizing stomach acid and creating a localized alkaline environment that protects the pathogen from stomach's acidity. Peptic ulcers are mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). For many years, the disease has been managed using a First-line regimen (Triple therapy) or second-line (Quadruple therapy) comprising proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antibiotics and bismuth compounds. Proton pump inhibitors are used in the short-term to cause adverse effects such as headache, nausea and diarrhoea, and in the long-term, achlorhydria, mineral deficiencies such as Ca²?, Mg²?, Fe²?, Vit B??, bone fractures and gut microbiota disruption. This article focuses on the use of Vonoprazan and probiotics. Vonoprazan, a potassium-competitive acid blocker that provides better results than proton pump inhibitors with less or no adverse effects, and probiotics helps in restoring gastric microbial flora by reducing H. pylori load.