Abstract

A. Nazeer*, Atiya Ahmad, Faisal Ahmad and Shamim Ahmad

ABSTRACT

Biosensors are analytical devices combining biological recognition elements with physicochemical transducers to detect specific analytes. Since their inception, biosensors have evolved significantly, finding applications in medical diagnostics, pharmaceutical monitoring, food safety, and forensic science. DNA-based biosensors have emerged as transformative diagnostic tools due to their high sensitivity and specificity in detecting genetic mutations, pathogens, and disease biomarkers. These technologies rely on specific base-pair interactions for pointof- care applications while advancing personalized medicine. Nanotechnology has enhanced biosensor performance by addressing limitations like low sensitivity and poor signal transduction. Nanomaterials including nanoparticles, graphene, and quantum dots provide larger surface areas for biorecognition immobilization and amplify detection signals. This integration has enabled compact, portable biosensors with real-time monitoring capabilities and multiplexed assays for simultaneous analysis of multiple targets. The combination of DNA-based biosensors with nanotechnology has revolutionized diagnostics by offering faster results, simplified workflows, and improved detection limits. As research advances, these biosensors are expected to play a critical role in shaping the future of diagnostics across medical and industrial sectors.