Abstract

Sandeep Kumar Yadav*, Bhavya Gupta and Manish Kumar Sharma

ABSTRACT

A diverse collection of illnesses known as neurodegenerative diseases are distinguished by the progressive death and loss of function of particular neuronal populations, which results in the disease's clinical manifestation. Pathophysiologically, changes in particular proteins cause various cellular pathways to malfunction, such as elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, dysfunction of protein degradation systems, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and cell cycle re-entry. Antioxidant-rich diets have been shown to lower Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors. Antioxidants found in Hippophae rhamnoides, also referred to as sea buckthorn (SB), may directly affect amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels and hence impact the pathophysiology of AD. SBO has a positive effect on APP/PS1 mice's cognitive impairment and protects against scopolamine-induced PC12 cell damage. As a result, SBO might be used clinically to treat cognitive impairment. The potential of sea-buckthorn flavonoids (SFs) as a nutraceutical to prevent cognitive deficits caused by high-energy density diets may be explained by their mediating effects on insulin signalling and inflammatory responses in the brain. There exists substantial evidence that suppressing Keap1 and activating Nrf2/ARE and downstream antioxidant enzymes may be helpful in treating AD. In order to counteract AD, the current review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of plant secondary metabolites by targeting Nrf2/Keap1/ARE and downstream linked mediators. Using the current electronic databases, such as PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as relevant articles in the field, a thorough review was carried out for this study. Creating multi-target medicines that are more effective and have fewer adverse effects may open the door to managing or preventing neurodegenerative disorders. This review covered all the mechanistic views involved in causing neurodegenerative disorders and the use of Hippophae rhamnoides L. polysaccharide as well as flavonoids in various brain disorders.