Abstract

Riddhi Ivalekar, Gurpreet Bawa*, Ashish Jain, Vipul Jadhav, Prathamesh Jagdale, Mansi Jadhav and Bittu Gupta

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is a chronic disease. Insulin is hormone that controls blood sugar level. Uncontrolled diabetes mostly results in hyperglycemia. Thirst, polyuria, weight loss, and obscure vision are some symptoms. There are two major types of diabetes. i.e. type 1 and type 2. Type 1 presents following a pre-clinical phase, while type 2 has more insidious onset; patients may remain asymptomatic for years. Type 2 begins more slowly and the patients may not exhibit symptoms for years. Obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are frequent CV risk factors in people with diabetes, especially those with type 2 diabetes. There are 3 main mechanisms which are hyperglycaemia, glucose fluctuations and insulin resistance. Selection of appropriate intervention which can improve endothelial function is clinically important for prevention of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. There are two main methods of treatment. Insulin treatment is widely used for patients of diabetes mellitus type 2. In hypoglycemic drugs, sulfonyl ureas, metformin and Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are also used which improves the control of level of postprandial blood glucose and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are used which deccrease blood glucose levels by increasing glucose excretion into urine by inhibition of reabsorption of renal glucose. Other treatments like treatment of other modifiable risk factors in patients with diabetes, it is recommended to select an intervention which improves endothelial function. The basic diabetes treatment is diet and exercise therapy. In case of calories, it is recommended to take calories based on the formula of appropriate daily energy amount (kcal) = standard weight (kg) × physical activity amount. Nanoparticles is also one of the latest method of treatment used for cure of diabetic CVD.