Abstract

Ananya Raj*, Arpita Biswas, Dr. Dhrubo Jyoti Sen and Dr. Beduin Mahanti

ABSTRACT

Insulin is involved in regulation of glucose utilization in the body. Inability of the body to synthesize insulin or human cells resistance to insulin leads to a condition called Diabetes mellitus which is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. There are two types of diabetes; type 1 and type 2. Exogenous supply of insulin is needed consistently for type 1 diabetes treatment and type 2 diabetes also needs to be cured by the exogenous supply of insulin in advance stages of the disease. Insulin Site of administration of insulin injection is equally important for better and safe action of insulin and can be given by intramuscular or intravenous route. Insulin replacement therapy is essential for anyone with type 1 diabetes. Most patients with gestational or type 2 diabetes may also require insulin. The goals of insulin therapy are: to achieve optimal glycemic control without causing hypoglycemia or excessive weight gain and to minimize the impact on lifestyle. The therapeutic goals should be individualized according to patient’s age, disease duration, complications, comorbidities, lifestyle, and expected survival. Early insulins were extracted from the pancreas of pigs and cows but good glycemic control was difficult to achieve because of residual impurities after the purification process. The newer and purer animal insulins are better tolerated and can potentially achieve a level of glycemic control similar to synthetic human insulins. Clinically significant hypoglycemia rates between the human and animal insulins also appear to be similar. This review explores insulin in terms of its historical perspectives, regimens, adverse effect along with the future perspective.